This article will discuss the new and emerging innovative trends in the application of biological processes and fate of chemicals in industrial wastewater treatment. The fate of chemical substances generated after the purification process on a laboratory and industrial scale will also be considered. The article intrusively explores the unique biological aspects of the wastewater treatment process and highlights the advantages they provide for engineering applications in the industries with an approach to chemicals produced during industrial wastewater treatment. Each chapter covers a different biological-based approach and examines the basic principles, practical applications, recent breakthroughs, and associated limitations. It presents an array of cutting-edge wastewater treatment research and thereafter its applications in treatment, remediation, sensing, and pollution prevention processes. The biological process and fate of chemicals for application in wastewater research has a significant impact on maintaining the long-term quality, availability, and viability of water.